Tag Archives: IT

Cloud Computing Still Confusing to Small Businesses

cloud-computing-confusingOnly 28 percent of small-business owners completely understand the concept of cloud computing, while 42 percent of respondents said they are not using cloud computing at all and 35 percent said they were using it only for data storage, according to the latest “Brother Small-Business Survey,” from Brother International, which examined the role of technology in small business.

Small-business owners also noted using the cloud for document management (21 percent) as well as business applications like CRM and accounting and human resources (17 percent).

The study, conducted by Wakefield Research and based on a poll of 500 owners of U.S. businesses with less than 100 employees, revealed a surprising 75 percent of these small-business owners felt that a crashed computer was more disruptive than a sick employee, and 75 percent said that a tech malfunction had negatively affected their business through a missed deadline or opportunity.

“This year’s small-business survey found that technology is just as important as a healthy workforce,” John Wandishin, vice president of marketing for Brother, said in a statement. “The results emphasize the importance of delivering reliable and easy-to-use products to promote a productive working environment.”

When asked about business investments, 51 percent of small-business owners said that they prioritize technology tool-related capital investments, such as new software, mobile apps and cloud computing services. Machinery-related (21 percent) and facility-related investments (20 percent) were other areas of priority.

The results indicated that while technology plays a vital role in terms of office productivity, 66 percent of small-business owners said they are frequently overwhelmed by the amount of technology available to help them run their businesses, and 86 percent additionally noted that in the past year, office productivity suffered due to technology not working properly. Nearly a third (31 percent) of respondents went so far as to say that they would give up a week’s worth of vacation to ensure tech malfunctions never happened in their business again.

The survey measured a slight uptick (48 percent, compared with 44 percent in 2012) in small-business owners feeling the need to stockpile cash to help guarantee that they could survive any economic downturn. However, 52 percent said they believe that investing in their businesses can give them an advantage over competitors.

While stress levels among small-business owners remained high in general (58 percent in 2013, versus 55 percent in 2012), survey results indicated “extreme stress” seemed to be down. The percentage of those claiming their stress levels are at their highest ever (13 percent) is down almost half from last year (24 percent). However, 41 percent of small-business owners felt that 2012 turned out worse than expected.

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Running Your Own IT Systems Costly And Inefficient

do-it-yourself-ITCloud computing represents enormous opportunities for domestic transport and logistics businesses around the world, according to Ralf Moller, general manager marketing for CargoWise and WiseTech Global. While cloud technology sounds complex, it is easy to find analogies that make this evolving mainstream technology easy to understand and adopt.

“Around the world there are tens of millions of trucks in circulation, and still more drivers who hit the roads to keep supermarkets, stores, factories, hospitals, schools and businesses supplied with all kinds of goods,” said Moller. “People who benefit from this transport network aren’t interested in how goods get there – they just expect them to be available at low cost, where and when they are ready to purchase them.”

Moller points out that while consumers might pay more for premium products, which feature higher grades of raw materials, or more highly refined manufacturing processes, few if any, think about the delivery process. As a result, wholesalers and retailers turn to logistics and transport experts to move the goods and meet customer expectations for cost and efficiency.

The domestic transport industry has largely focused on achieving economies of scale – enabling specialists with large assets (trucks and warehouses) to provide transportation, storage and logistics expertise at a fraction of the cost it would take individual wholesalers and retailers to do themselves.
“So why are many transport and logistics providers running their own IT systems when it’s safer, cheaper and more efficient to take advantage of technology solutions which are hosted in the cloud?” asks Moller.
“For the same reasons that it doesn’t make sense for most of your customers to own and run their own fleets, it probably no longer makes much sense for your business to own and run your IT systems.
“Consider what would happen if your customers insisted on owning and running their own logistics fleet, and what kinds of mistakes they would make in attempting to purchase the most appropriate vehicles and secure the right skills.

“Chances are they would end up with a fleet with excess capacity and a whole lot of staff with not enough to do – almost certainly it would be a less efficient and more costly operation with an inferior service to what your organisation is able to provide today.

“Running your own internal IT systems versus outsourcing is equivalent to the difference between a supplier organising its own transport as opposed to using the services of a domestic transport provider.”
Many of the larger domestic transport companies have invested significantly in creating an internal IT team because in the past, the only way to access productivity gains offered by computer systems was to spend a lot of money buying and constantly upgrading hardware; however, cloud computing has changed all of that.

“The cloud may sound mysterious and magical, and yet it is as straight forward as the service provided by most domestic transport companies,” said Moller. “Companies that provide cloud services have simply purchased assets (IT infrastructure hardware and software) with greater capacity, in bigger quantities at lower unit costs. They then employ specialists who construct and provide superior services relying on economies of scale to deliver their business model.”

Cloud computing delivers data storage, processing power and software provided as a service, rather than as a good that needs to be purchased and maintained. Because of this, there is no longer any need to worry about what system to purchase, which version to implement, determining when to upgrade and how to attract and retain the right IT staff.

More importantly, with the use of cloud computing, there is no longer any need to pay for extra headspace or down time, and you do not need to worry about disaster recovery systems to keep your business running when disaster strikes, points out Moller.

“In actual fact your data is far more secure in a tier three or four data centre, with multiple power sources and data connections, than it would ever be in your own premises. You don’t keep your money under your pillow; so why do you keep your data under your desk?” said Moller. “The benefits of cloud technolgy are greatest for small to medium-sized companies. Transport and logistics companies should be looking for ways to leave the difficult bits of technology up to the companies that have the skills and capabilities to deliver a reliable service at the best possible price,’’ he said.


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Cloud Computing – Fact or Fiction?

Cloud computing has nothing to do with the weather and the technology is creating IT jobs and millions of people are using the cloud. So says an infographic designed to clear up misconceptions around cloud computing.

The infographic published by DeVry University begins with a brief definition of cloud computing and lays out what people believe when it comes to the cloud before separating fact from fiction.

The infographic also illustrates how people are using the cloud, the most common attackers with respect to cloud security, just how many people are using the cloud, and the types of jobs that are springing up as a result of cloud computing

Cloud Gives CFOs Chance To Get Involved With IT

Google research says financial bosses will take more active role in buying IT services

Cloud computing will give chief financial officers (CFOs) the chance to become more influential on the technology side of a business, according to a new study.

According to the research by Vanson Bourne on behalf of Google, half of the senior financial decision makers quizzed believe that as the adoption of cloud computing within enterprise continues to grow, CFOs will become more influential in the purchasing and management of IT services.

The survey also revealed that many CFOs agree with the IT department that cloud computing can have a positive impact on the business.

Two-thirds (66%) of respondents the cloud increases the IT department’s contribution to corporate strategy while 69% believe that cloud computing increases the IT department’s ability to innovate.

Many CFOs are pinning their hopes on cloud computing: a massive 93% said that cloud computing will be important to the success of their company over the next 12 to 18 months, and 94% believe that cloud computing provides their business with quantifiable benefits, such as reduced IT maintenance costs (44%), reduced IT spend (47%) reduced operational costs (47%) and improved process efficiency (34%).

Most business surveyed (68%) said their company has either already implemented cloud services or has plans to.

“To date, enterprise cloud adoption has been largely driven by the IT function. However, today we see ourselves having more discussions with CFOs, COOs and CEOs and it is not hard to see why,” said Thomas Davies, Head of Google Enterprise for the UK and Ireland.

“The benefits of cloud computing go far beyond the obvious cost savings on software and reducing the burden of maintenance. The strategically significant role it can play within an organization in terms of driving innovation and productivity is making it an increasingly attractive option for businesses that want to remain competitive and agile,” he added.

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Law Firms And Cloud Computing

Like many of us of a certain vintage, Warren Wander owned a Sinclair ZX81, the forerunner of the ZX Spectrum, the first commercially available home computer.

It is a measure of how far ahead of the curve its progenitor Sir Clive Sinclair was that the device was little more than a basic games machine, and barely a home computer at all. In 1982, it was like putting a Lamborghini in the wild west. No roads, petrol stations, garages to service it, and nowhere to buy seat covers if you needed them.

Warren is a pioneer, not of the west, but of the landscape of useable computer technology, and he is the man behind the ‘cloud’ you have heard so much about. The world has caught up with him a little, insofar as computers and devices are now ubiquitous, and the internet is mature enough to render them useful, and the gadgets themselves are user friendly, rather than the preserve of the technical aficionado, as the early computers were. It is a wonder the nascent technology took root at all, given that the user had to laboriously type in reams of programming to get it to do so much as emit a beep. But Warren and his kind embraced the technology behind the curtain, developed it, and brought the results to market.

He quickly became a games writer for 80s software giant Ocean, when a solicitor family friend made an effort to develop business software in 1993, and recruited Warren to assist.

“At the time, people were making more money selling PCs for thousands than they were from the software,” he told The Firm.

“Microsoft had just launched their first version of Office, and it had in it Microsoft Access Version 1, and I used it to put together a specific, niche road traffic case management system for his office, and that was my start in the industry.”

The start soon morphed into an auspicious opportunity that overlapped Warren’s technical skills with the burgeoning needs of the legal profession. The late 1990s were a period when solicitors firms began experimenting with case management systems, work themed teams of personnel with tailored workflows, migration to desktop PCs and of course the emergence of the internet. Although none of these would be fully synthesised, even in forward looking firms, for several more years.

“I made a contact at the Law Society in England, who had just formed a consortium with the Law Societies of Scotland, Ireland and Northern Ireland to encourage the development of shrink wrapped, open type software to make it more affordable for the profession,” he says.

“They got together and with their combined buying power they would be able to encourage interest. While all the big companies were knocking on the front door, I walked in the back door as an individual, dead keen techie, to do something. I befriended this gung-ho project manager and was carried along on their wave of enthusiasm.

“It turned itself into the process that created the acronym HSSK [High Street Starter Kit]. Their idea was to get three different business to put together a starter kit and they would make it available to law firms. It developed into producing an accounts system, which was completely beyond what I had anticipated, but I just carried on with it. It developed to include a time recording system, and within about 12 months we had a prototype system, and this excited project manager started putting lots of money into it, and inviting lawyers to the Law Society at Chancery Lane in London and I was invited to showcase what we were working on as the system was developed. Hundred of people started seeing it and it became very high profile.”

It was a rare confluence of circumstances that looked set to deliver a tailor made technical solution to a willing and voluminous market that was finding its feet with the need to exploit the emerging technology. Until the rug was pulled out from underneath.

“It went to a council meeting for more funding, and someone stood up and said that they didn’t even know it was going on, that the Law Society were a regulatory body and shouldn’t be getting involved in any commercial project, and the whole thing got completely closed down,” Warren explains.

“But the Law Society of Scotland said that if I moved up to Scotland, they would help you make our member’s notes available, but we are not looking to buy. So in 1998 I moved up to Scotland. There are about 40 suppliers in England, as opposed to four or five in Scotland, so the Law Society of Scotland wanted to encourage a bit more software into Scotland to try and open up the market a bit. I moved up in 1998 and very quickly there were law firms interested.

“It led up to the Millennium bug, and all of a sudden there were very expensive upgrade charges being charged, and immediately I had 25 firms from nowhere. And then it started growing quickly through word of mouth, and I had to decide whether to take on staff and expand the company, or partner up with someone.”

And partner up he did, expanding and then buying out the business, expanding to a substantial client base and solid workflow, halted only by the onset of the recession and the reduction in solicitor spend.

“Law firms closed branch offices, made redundancies, all affected by the property market. An absolute disaster. Our order book went from healthy to absolutely nothing. All we did for the first 12 months was batten down the hatches, focused on good customer service and developing the product, but then the technology world started to change and the Cloud started to be introduced, with Microsoft and Google really pushing it. And LawCloud was born out of that,” Warren explains.

“We moved from the traditional installation of software to an internet based business, and it picked up again. Easy access, low fixed monthly cost, flexible working. We look after the technology so it really simplifies backups.”

LawCloud emerged as technology evolved to permit servers to be stored offsite in a wholly web based environment, providing what Warren believes is the essential tool for High Street law firms that don’t have the extensive budget of some the larger commercial organisations.

“The bigger law firms have always just thrown money at IT, and have great systems. But other practitioners have distanced themselves from it. They often don’t think about how it works. As long as they have a PC on their desks it doesn’t matter,” he says.

“Our system is a business management and a business productivity tool. If a law firm isn’t being run like a business, then a business tool is only going to do part of the job. The people who run the business need to align themselves with the technology. Some of the partners need to put themselves in the position of becoming the technologist of their firm. Take over that role, own it and then delegate it back once they understand it.”

Cloud technology has been extant for several years now, and much like the social networking platforms that are quickly adopted by some but not others, Warren believes an understandable degree of tech-reluctance is to blame.

“Voice recognition technology is a good example. People tried it, it was cumbersome, it didn’t work. So they just don’t touch it again. Ten years on it is much better, but people don’t go near it, and are almost left with scars. But it is completely different and worth having a go again,” he says.

“There is something else to remember. Lawyers are risk averse. They don’t like to just have a go, and if it fails it doesn’t matter. These dot.com people have failed a hundred times before they hit the top. The newer generation are prepared to have a go and fail. Its part of the mindset that helps you move forward. But lawyers are trained to be cautious. And of course you do want a risk-averse lawyer, but they have to change that mindset and have a go at technology.”

The purpose of the cloud system is to provide secure offsite backup in the event of a fire, flood or if you can’t get in to your office. Law offices will never be paperless, but some are moving towards becoming paper-lite to remove the storage burden and associated costs when floor space is at a premium. Caution, and the conditioning of a paper led office can be overcome, he argues.

“You need to at least address some of it. The more of it you can embrace, the more you will find that it is not as daunting as you thought, and you’ll become more au fait with it. It is all about taking small steps,” he says.

“All of this is based on things being done right, and lawyers will have had their fingers burned in the past. It is a very cut throat market. People have been oversold systems that they never got to work, and they are scarred by those experiences. It is a question of having another go, but doing it alongside someone who’ll guide you in the right direction. That should probably be someone like the Law Society or a trusted adviser who will tell you there is a certain way to go about it.”

The phone book is practically obsolete, and even Googling someone to find their contact details is being replaced by the direct contactability of social media platforms. Paper itself was once a novelty, as were typewriters, mobile phones and the internet itself. All revolutionary developments at one stage, and commonplace now. There is a next stage, and Warren believes it is the cloud. But, he stresses, only as a tool to supplement the lawyer’s basic skills.

“What do we want a lawyer for? If you take technology out of the equation, its about people. People want people. Its about personal relationships. You want to be dealing with a lawyer who you trust, who you know well and who you know will give you good advice,” he says.

“There are people who want to sell their house through Tesco. If it is done like that, it‘ll be churned through a computer system. If you want good personal advice on writing your will, you want to talk to the lawyer, you want the lawyer to understand you. Its about personal relationships. If you then start putting technology on top of that, for instance you make an appointment to see your lawyer, and you get a text at 10 o’clock that morning reminding you, you might think that the lawyer is on the ball. It is about finding the bits of technology that work. The guy who doesn’t send a text isn’t going to be remembered.”

Outsourced cashroom services, typing and virtual offices are already being embraced by some in legal practice, affording flexibility and saving costs, whilst losing none of the core skills.

“Technology is an enabler for that, and it wasn’t before,” Warren says.

“People with a vision who specialise in a niche and just want to grow, we can apply our technology to helping that growth. We can really segregate the high street end of the market into three types, new, growing and traditional, and we can help all of them.”

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CIOs Worried By The Cloud

CIOs are worried: cloud computing is being used as a way for businesses to dodge the IT department and get services delivered more quickly. But as well as giving the CIO sleepless nights, this attempt to side-step the IT department is causing additional cost and complexity along the way.

I recently wrote about how cloud computing deployments are kicking off without the CIO’s knowledge, and only coming to light when sys admins put their expenses through. Inside a large organisation this can mean uncontrolled spending on cloud computing that rapidly reaches tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars.

And according to research by Forrester Consulting, two thirds of CIOs now believe their business sees cloud computing as a way to circumvent IT.

“The simultaneous pull of cost reduction and simplification in one direction and better, cheaper, faster in the other is putting a strain on IT’s ability to meet expectations. CIOs are concerned that cloud provides their business a way around IT, which undermines the strategic partnership they are trying to build with business leaders,” said the report ‘Delivering On High Cloud Expectations’.

According to the report, one in three CIOs strongly agreed with the statement, ‘business executives perceive cloud as a means to be less dependent on IT,’ while only one in five non-CIO respondents felt the same way.

“This contrast indicates CIOs are more concerned than their teams that public cloud challenges, and maybe even undermines, their organisation. We agree with their concern; unbridled public cloud acquisition by shadow IT circumvents carefully planned strategies to reduce complexity, control costs, and provide reliable services.”

The survey also found that ’shadow IT’ acquisition of cloud services is adding to confusion: 48 per cent of firms surveyed officially support deploying mission-critical applications to managed public cloud services, even though these services were being deployed by 80 per cent of organisations. “The 32 per cent difference suggests that many firms circumvent IT to get the services they want, confirming CIO worries.”

Four out of five respondents said setting a cloud strategy is a high priority, but IT organsations are struggling with complexity: four out of ten respondents said they had five or more virtual server pools, and three or more hypervisor technologies, making reducing cost and complexity a priority. The survey, sponsored by BMC Software, polled 327 enterprise infrastructure executives and architects across the US, Europe and Asia-Pacific.

Author: Steve Ranger
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Cloud Computing Vital For CIO Career Prospects

CIOs have tied their future career prospects very much to the mast of cloud computing, with recent research revealing that they believe cloud computing is shifting the focus of their role away from primarily technology onto vital business services, and increasing their chances of promotion to CEO.

In a global survey of 615 CEOs, including Australian CIOs, 57 percent of the Australian respondents said that’s what they believed about the affects of cloud computing on their careers, with 70 percent of the Aussie CIOs feeling “ideally positioned” to move specifically to the CEO role. The research was commissioned by CA and undertaken by reseasrch firm, Vanson Bourne.

CA’s report, however, contrasts the feedback from CIOs about their prospects of moving up to a CEO role, with the “global reality.” CA points out that, in theory, the more strategic focus increases the likelihood of CIOs making the transition to CEO, but in reality globally only four percent of CEOs have risen from the CIO ranks, “illustrating the prevalence of a barrier to career progression.”

According to CA’s managing director at CA Australia & New Zealand, Bill McMurray, the Future Role of the CIO’ report by CA Technologies has uncovered that those CIOs who have adopted cloud computing are “more ambitious than non-cloud adopting CIOs.”

“Demonstrating the extent to which CIOs view their position as a route to more general roles, approximately 93% who have adopted cloud computing, see their position as an opportunity or stepping-stone to other management roles compared to only 30% of non-cloud adopting CIOs of those surveyed, 46% of cloud adopting CIOs versus 13% of non-cloud adopting CIOs saw their current job as a stepping stone specifically to the CEO position. This illustrates the extent to which cloud computing reveals CIO ambition.”

According to McMurray, “there’s no doubt that cloud computing is revolutionising business particularly in these strained economic times,” and he also says it is breeding a “new type of technology leader – one who understands that by using the cloud to innovate, increase speed to market and reduce costs in providing strategic business services, he or she will be in a position to make a significant impact on the business and potentially be positioned to lead it.”

While more than half of the CIOs surveyed said they felt “ideally positioned” to move to the CEO role because cloud computing allows them to spend more time on innovation, business strategy and driving business effectiveness, CA’s McMurray says, however, they face “fierce competition.”

McMurray says the research reveals that 43 percent of CIOs acknowledge that whilst they do have the necessary skills to step up to the CEO role, other job roles have greater experience in using those skills. “How do you marry this ambition with the stark reality today where only ‘4’% of current CEOs has risen from the CIO ranks, 29% have risen from the Chief Financial Officer position and a further 23% were previously Chief Operating Officers?”

McMurray also says that the CIO role today is still viewed as a technical role according to 43 percent of CIOs, and this is the reason why relatively few CIOs have successfully made the transition to the CEO role. McMurray also suggests that a lack of ‘digital literacy’ in the boardroom is compounding this problem with 40 percent of CIOs stating that their board was ’digitally illiterate’ and did not understand the impact of new and emerging technologies. A further 42 percent of CIOs said that the board did not understand the value that IT brings to the business, causing a lack of responsiveness to the market and missed business opportunities.

And, McMurray cites comments by Martin Retschko, national practice director at executive search specialists, Hudson ICT, that the role of the CIO is no longer “purely about technology”, and who further remarked: “In Australia, we are seeing that this position is evolving from the traditionally technical role of a CIO to one that is more strategic and business focused. CIOs that show an understanding of, and commitment to developing the business, are much more likely to evolve beyond their traditional role.”

CA’s McMurray says that the research reveals that ambitious CIO cloud adopters are not complacent either, with 93 percent saying they need new skills to remain effective compared to 63 percent of ‘non-clouders’. Specifically, 48 percent of CIOs, says McMurray, deemed skills in commercial procurement to be vital, while cloud CIOs also prioritised service performance skills and negotiation and sales skills compared to their non-cloud adopting counterparts.

“In many ways, CEOs and CIOs share the same skill-set, particularly in terms of managing budgets, new projects and communicating their plans and strategies with internal and external stakeholders. The role of CIO will continue to extend beyond its technical attributes and we expect to see an increase in the number of CIOs taking on broader, C-Level roles,” Retschko says.

According to the research by CA, perceptions are changing since 54 percent of CIOs report that the C-level management team sees the role of the CIO as becoming increasingly important within the organisation which, according to McMurray, suggests that the boards view of the CIO is already changing.

“This research finds that cloud computing is positively impacting the ambition of today’s CIO and giving rise to a new breed of business savvy technology leaders. To ignore this trend or what these leaders could bring to the leadership of an organisation may well hinder business competitiveness and growth,” McMurray concludes.

Author: Peter Dinham
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The CIO Versus Users Who Buy Their Own IT

The CIO as we understand the role is under threat from Cloud Computing and ICT professionals need to start getting smart about their function.

That was the stark warning from Oracle, a company whose conversion to the Cloud has taken time to go public. While once dismissed by CEO Larry Ellison as “just water vapour”, Cloud is now firmly on the Oracle road map as a top priority.

Hence the appearance of John Abel, chief architect for Oracle, at the firm’s Cloud Conference in London this week where he told delegates that they had to get closer to the business side of the organisation – and at an earlier stage in order to stop non-techies from procuring their own ICT services.

Such ‘land and expand’ strategies have been commonplace in private sector Cloud Computing where departmental heads in, for example, sales have grown tired of waiting for an official ICT department roll out of new functionality and instead subscribed to Salesforce.com off their own backs.

“CIOs need to make sure that they are part of the business conversation early on. For the first time, thanks to Cloud Computing, the business is able to sub-navigate IT,” warned Abel. “Project control is becoming increasingly important for CIOs, because now the business thinks that it doesn’t need IT and it can go and procure its own IT capabilities with SaaS.

“The business person of the future is the same person that will be used to using Facebook and Twitter. They will be used to instant access, they want IT now,” he added. “That’s the challenge that IT has with Cloud, because if IT can’t give the business that instant capability, they will go and get it from somewhere else.”

This isn’t necessarily a threat though, he argued as it gives the ICT Professional a new form of engagement with the organisation. “A good CIO will use this as an opportunity, whereas CIOs that are more conservative, or more risk adverse, will see it as a threat,” he said. “The IT department can capture this problem early and initiate discussions with the business.

“They will work with the business to understand what direction they are moving in, to understand how the IT capability and Cloud can be used to get it there. If they haven’t had that conversation and captured those requirements early, they will be in trouble.”

Author: Stuart Lauchlan
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Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)

Having attained some basic oversight and policy control over personal devices in the enterprise, corporate IT administrators in 2012 face the appification of enterprise services. Opening up platforms such as iOS and Android to outside developers brings an increased risk of malware. Mobile virtualization enables one physical device to run two parallel virtual phones, supporting enterprise and personal use without compromising enterprise security or personal privacy.

These next-generation mobile devices will have quad-core Cortex-A15 processors from ARM with built-in hardware support for mobile virtualization. Users will be able to manage their work and their lives on one phone.

For example, the consumer domain will provide a full consumer version of Android with Android Market, Facebook, Angry Birds and other popular consumer apps. The service provider and handset manufacturer manage this domain and will keep the consumer software up to date.

The secure enterprise domain, meanwhile, will be deployed over the air and run its own Android instance without any market or consumer apps. Instead, this domain will connect to the enterprise mobile-device-management (MDM) system and, potentially, to a self-support portal/app store for employees. From these, the IT administrator can provision and take control of a full enterprise-targeted Android environment with IT-controlled enterprise apps. Updates of this Android version might be less frequent to ensure that enterprise applications run smoothly and can be validated as they become available.

As mobile virtualization increases the security, manageability and control of the Android environment, developers will have more incentive to create applications targeting the enterprise—setting the stage for the next revolution in enterprise computing.

Author: Morten Grauballe
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